Elements for Analysis Assignment

Elements for Analysis Assignment

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• Why was the study done?
• What is the problem as it is presented in the research study article?
• Will the study solve a problem relevant to nursing?
• (Make sure that the study is directly relevant to your topic/ and or clinical question.)
• What is the study setting?
• (Include who, where and when.)
• What is the sample size? (Size can and should vary according to the nature of the study.)
• What was the process for randomization?
• Are instruments of the variables in the study clearly defined and reliable?
• What are the independent and dependent variables in this study?
• Are the operational definitions of the variables given? If so, are they concrete and measurable?
• Is the research question or the hypothesis stated? What is it?
• (Make sure the variables were consistently applied throughout the study and that they measured what the research said they were going to measure.)
• (Report reliability and validity statistics if noted.)
• How were the data analyzed?
• Were there any unusual events during the study? (If the sample size changed, do the reasons for the change have ramifications on its replicability?)
• Did participants drop from the research? Why?
• How do the results fit in with previous research in this area? (Compare to your other sources.)
• Do the studies build upon previous research?
• What are the implications of the research for clinical practice?
• Is the study relevant and important to the clinical question?
• Are the results applicable to your set or subset of patients or sample, identify the risks and benefits of a treatment recommendation or conform to patient preferences?
• What are the findings as reported by the researcher?

Elements for Analysis Assignment

American Journal of Infection Control xxx (2011) 1-6 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect American Journal of Infection Control American Journal of Infection Control journal homepage: www.ajicjournal.org Practice forum Nurse-directed interventions to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infections Kathleen S. Oman RN, PhD, FAEN, FAAN a, b, *, Mary Beth Flynn Makic RN, PhD, CNS, CCNS a, b, Regina Fink RN, PhD, AOCN, FAAN a, Nicolle Schraeder RN, MS c, Teresa Hulett RN, BSN a, Tarah Keech MA d, Heidi Wald MD, MSPH d a University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO University of Colorado, College of Nursing, Aurora, CO Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO d Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO b c Key Words: CAUTI Foley catheter Background: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are common, morbid, and costly. Nearly 25% of hospitalized patients are catheterized yearly, and 10% develop urinary tract infections. Evidencebased guidelines exist for indwelling urinary catheter management but are not consistently followed. Methods: A pre/post intervention design was used in this quality improvement project to test the impact of nurse-driven interventions based on current evidence to reduce CAUTIs in hospitalized patients on 2 medical/surgical units. Interventions consisted of hospital-wide strategies including policy and product improvements and unit-specific strategies that focused on a review of current evidence to guide practice. Results: The number of catheter days decreased from 3.01 to 2.2 (P ¼ .018) on the surgery unit and from 3.53 to 2.7 (P ¼ .076) on the medical unit. CAUTI rates were too low to achieve significant reduction. Product cost savings were estimated at $52,000/year. Conclusion: Guidelines derived from research and other sources of evidence can successfully improve patient outcomes. Nurse-driven interventions, combined with system-wide product changes, and patient and family involvement may be effective strategies that reduce CAUTI. Copyright Ó 2011 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Hospital-acquired, catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are a common and costly health care concern. In excess of 500,000 CAUTIs occur annually in the United States, accounting for more than 30% of health care-associated infections.1 Although not as deadly as other health care-associated infections, CAUTI is the single largest source of bacteremia in hospitalized patients, commonly leading to unnecessary antimicrobial use, prolonged hospitalizations, and increased health care costs.1,2 The indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) is associated with the majority of these infections. Catheter-associated bacteriuria is the result of the widespread practice of urinary catheterization.3 Despite this clear association, IUC use is ubiquitous. It is estimated that at least 25% of hospitalized * Address correspondence to Kathleen S. Oman, RN, PhD, FAEN, FAAN, University of Colorado Hospital, 12401 E 17th Avenue, Mail Stop 901, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail address: kathy.oman@uch.edu (K.S. Oman). Conflicts of interest: None to report. patients have an IUC.4 Nearly 50% of surgical patients remain catheterized beyond 48 hours postoperatively,5 and, in the medical population, approximately 50% of patients do not have a clear indication for indwelling urinary catheters.6 Catheters may be inappropriately retained for days because of convenience, misunderstanding of their necessity/appropriateness, or lack of clear orders for removal.7 Therefore, efforts to reduce CAUTI prevalence must focus on evidence-based use of IUCs during insertion, maintenance, and removal.3,8 Fortunately, there is ample guidance regarding strategies to prevent CAUTI. Elements for Analysis Assignment

In 2009, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated their evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention, and management of persons in hospitals and long-term care facilities with CAUTI. In addition, several professional societies have recently reviewed the evidence for CAUTI prevention.2,3,8-10 These guidelines not only encompass diagnostic criteria but also delineate strategies to reduce CAUTI risk and review approaches that are not effective in reducing the incidence of urinary infections.10,11 0196-6553/$36.00 – Copyright Ó 2011 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.07.018 2 K.S. Oman et al. / American Journal of Infection Control xxx (2011) 1-6 Based on a review of evidence, the University of Colorado Hospital’s CAUTI Interdisciplinary Quality Intervention Team initiated a quality improvement project that provided a multifaceted nursing-driven approach to reduce CAUTIs. Elements for Analysis Assignment

Our hospital was not using physician order entry; consequently, using electronic charting systems to provide question prompts or decision trees to validate the need for an indwelling bladder catheter as well as automatic stop orders were not available. The purpose of this quality improvement process study was to develop and implement evidence-based, multifaceted, nurse-driven interventions to improve urine elimination management in hospitalized patients and to measure the impact of these interventions on the duration of indwelling urinary catheterization (dwell time) and the CAUTI incidence among patients on the target inpatient units. METHODS Quality improvement approach Evidence-based practice guidelines derived from valid, current research and other evidence sources can successfully improve patient outcomes and quality care. However, simply disseminating scientific evidence is often ineffective in changing clinical practice. Learning how to implement findings is critically important to promoting high quality and safe care.12 To facilitate effectively the translation of best evidence into practice, processes enhancing practice change must be embraced by the health care provider.13 Understanding health care provider decisions, experiences, practice processes, and barriers are considered essential elements that must be explored to successfully implement practice change based on best evidence.

Elements for Analysis Assignment

14 This project used the following framework for implementation: (1) Recruit a multidisciplinary team. The team included nurses (clinical, educators, and scientists), physicians (hospitalists, infectious disease), rehabilitation therapists and transport personnel, infection control preventionists, central supply, and clinical informatics representatives. (2) Examine the evidence. An exhaustive literature review was performed, and highlights from the literature were summarized into an evidence table. Consensus guidelines and systematic reviews were used extensively to plan the intervention. (3) Identify and understand product use, availability, and costs. Refine product use based on the best evidence and cost analysis. Examine the following: (a) IUC materials, sizes, kits, drainage bags; (b) catheter securement devices; (c) urinals and bedpan availability; (d) commodes (availability and size); (e) bladder scanners; and (f) alternatives (incontinence pads, condom catheters, and others). (4) Measure outcomes. Work with infection control and clinical informatics staff to audit and measure outcomes Provide feedback to staff. Potential measurable outcomes include the following: (a) CAUTIs/1,000 catheter-days; (b) catheter-days/hospital-days; and (c) postoperative catheter-days/patient. Ethical issues This was a hospital quality improvement project exempt from institutional review board oversight. All patient data were kept confidential and stored in password protected electronic files; medical record number was the only identifier collected. This project was financially supported by a quality improvement small grant from the University of Colorado Hospital and the University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine. Setting The University of Colorado Hospital is a quaternary care, academic medical center located in Aurora, Colorado. The quality improvement project was conducted on 2 adjacent medical/surgical nursing units. Both units have 18 beds and an average daily census of 18 patients. There were approximately 150 patients/month with indwelling urinary catheters on the general surgery unit and 125 patients/ month on the pulmonary unit. All patients, except those having urologic surgery, with indwelling urinary catheters were studied. Intervention Using a pre/post intervention design, this project evaluated the impact of a multifaceted, nurse-driven intervention incorporating evidence-based practice champions of change (nurses who met to review evidence sources), clinical nursing staff (registered nurses [RNs], and certified nursing assistants [CNAs]) and patients and families to reduce CAUTIs in hospitalized patients. The intervention occurred in 3 phases: phase 1, conducted from January to March 2009, was baseline data collection period on the intervention medical/surgical units; phase 2 included the house-wide intervention (February and March) and the second data collection period (April-June) to examine the impact of the initial intervention; and phase 3 consisted of a focused intervention on the study units (July), followed by the last data collection period (August-October). Phase 1 Baseline data on IUC duration and CAUTI rates were obtained from the 2 medical/surgical inpatient units selected to measure changes in practice and infection rates.

Elements for Analysis Assignment

Phase 2 The house-wide intervention included a revision of the hospital policy on insertion and care of an IUC based on the current best evidence and the 2008 Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Inc/Infectious Disease Society of America practice recommendations,15 competency-based catheter insertion training, and an evaluation of the hospital’s IUC products. A factoid presentation of highlights of the policy changes was created as a mandatory educational tool via HealthStream (the hospital’s learning management system) for all inpatient nurses and unlicensed assistive staff. Table 1 reviews the content presented in the hospital-wide, online factoid educational intervention. Product evaluation was completed to evaluate the types and utilization patterns of urinary drainage systems and to standardize product use throughout the hospital. Product changes included (1) replacement of silver alloy-coated catheters with usual latex and nonlatex catheters, (2) standardization of catheter securement devices and stocking location, and (3) provision of metered drainage bags in the standard insertion kit in all patient care areas. Education of other providers of care included rehabilitation therapists (physical and occupational therapists), radiology staff (computerized tomography/magnetic resonance imaging), and transport staff. Key areas of education encompassed routine and frequent emptying and placement of urinary catheter bag below the bladder prior to therapy, radiologic examination, and transport. After the house-wide intervention, IUC duration rates and CAUTI K.S. Oman et al. / American Journal of Infection Control xxx (2011) 1-6 3 Table 1 Factoid educational presentation Preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections: The facts 1. Cleanse the patient’s genitalia area with an aseptic cleanser prior to catheter insertion3,9; daily cleansing and PRN (eg, after a bowel movement) using the hospitalapproved bathing products.9 2. Nonsterile gloves should be used for precleaning genital area, and sterile gloves should be used for the IUC insertion.9 3. Once the IUC is placed, it should be secured to the patient’s thigh with a securement device to prevent irritation, inflammation, and infection.17,18 4. Keep the IUC drainage bag below the level of the bladder at all times; this will prevent backflow and guard against infections.2,3,8,17 5. Empty the drainage bag every 8 hours and when the bag is two-thirds full or prior to all patient transfers.10 6. If the IUC has been in place for more than 2 days, provide a daily reminder to the health care provider to evaluate continued need for the device.7,16 7. Know the clinical indication for IUC for your patient. Did you know an IUC is not indicated for patients with limited mobility, uncontrolled pain, nurse or patient convenience, or the prevention of skin breakdown?2,3,8 8. Once an IUC is removed, if the patient does not void within 4-6 hours, use a bedside bladder scanner to determine urine volume. In and out catheterize the patient if the volume is greater than 500 mL; avoid replacing an IUC.19,21,22 9. Once an IUC is removed, offer the patient a bedside commode if they cannot ambulate safely to the bathroom. IUC, indwelling urinary catheter; PRN, as needed. rates were measured on the medical/surgical units to gauge the effect of the intervention on practice. Phase 3 Phase 3 interventions targeted the 2 medical/surgical inpatient nursing units and included the following: (phase 2 was house-wide education and product changes; phase 3 was focused intervention on the study units). Appropriate use of the bladder scanner was an additional measure of intervention uptake. A bladder scanner log was completed for a 60-day period after the phase 2 intervention. CAUTI data (1) Sixty-minute education sessions, held multiple times to facilitate attendance, were provided by the research nurse scientists and unit nurse educator to address the following topics: (a) A focused journal club session reviewing an article that highlighted risk factors associated with indwelling catheters and recommended prevention interventions10; (b) discussion of the scope of the problem and dissemination of the nursing and patient-centered interventions; and (c) competency-based training on the use of bladder scanners for postresidual volumes for high-risk and older adult patients and proper urinalysis/culture collection procedure. (2) Increased availability of bedside commodes (in multiple sizes) to promote patient adherence to postcatheter voiding safely. (3) Purchase of a bladder scanner to accurately assess postvoid residuals. (4) Four translating research into practice (TRIP) fliers covering catheter care, the change in IUC products, use of bladder scanners, and early removal (Fig 1). The TRIP fliers were posted on various sites on the nursing units. (5) Charge nurse catheter care rounds incorporated into daily rounds where reminders for early catheter removal were made. (6) Partnered with patients and families to promote involvement in their care.

Elements for Analysis Assignment

This intervention consisted of the development of educational (English and Spanish) materials describing catheter care guidelines that could be given to patients and families encouraging communication with nursing staff to question whether continued use of the catheter was necessary. Daily electronic medical record reports were used to identify patients with an IUC and to determine duration of catheterization. CAUTIs rates were calculated and tracked by the hospital’s infection preventionist nurses. CAUTI rates for both focused intervention units for the baseline and postintervention periods were tracked quarterly. CAUTIs were reported as an absolute number and a number of infections per 1,000 catheter-days for eligible patients. All nursing staff (RNs and CNAs) on the intervention units were encouraged to participate in the educational sessions. The Quality Intervention Team had no supervisory relationship with the nursing staff on the study units. Recruitment of RNs and CNAs was facilitated by the nurse managers and educators. Nursing staff were incentivized to attend by offering continuing education credit for the educational sessions and by providing refreshments. Attendance records were kept for all educational sessions, competency training sessions, and journal clubs. Intervention uptake Data collection and measurement Demographic patient data, CAUTI rates, and IUC duration were collected at baseline (phase 1) and after the 2 intervention phases Demographic data Patient age, gender, surgical procedure, and hospital length of stay (LOS) were collected by medical record abstraction. Evaluation All variables were summarized using descriptive statistics appropriate for the level of measurement. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare the differences between the baseline and the 2 postintervention catheter-days using Student t test. Alpha was set at .05. CAUTI rates were not compared because of the low numbers of incidences and rates. RESULTS Patient demographics remained similar among the 3 data collection periods. Table 2 summarizes the patient characteristics. Healthstream module compliance The IUC policy changes were highlighted in a factoid Healthstream (hospital learning management system) module and assigned to all RNs, CNAs, and emergency medical technicians (N ¼ 947). Ninety-six percent of the assigned staff completed the module. Competency-based IUC insertion training One hundred percent of the operating room nurses successfully completed the competency training. Competency training was suggested to the emergency department nursing staff, however, it was never accomplished. 4 K.S. Oman et al. / American Journal of Infection Control xxx (2011) 1-6 Fig 1. TRIP sheet. Table 2 Characteristics of study subjects Pulmonary unit Age, yr, mean (SD) Sex, n (%) Female Male Length of stay, days, mean (SD) Table 3 Per-patient catheter duration in days Phase 1, 12/ 2008-2/2009 Phase 2, 4/ 2009-6/2009 Phase 3, 8/ 2009-10/2009 58.2 (14.0) 58.1 (14.6) 57.2 (14.9) Unit 45 (56.3) 35 (43.8) 7.4 (9.0) 57 (58.8) 40 (41.2) 7.2 (7.4) 56 (58.3) 40 (41.7) 6.7 (6.5) Pulmonary, mean (SD) General surgery, mean (SD) P value (Student t test) Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 (Phase 1 to 3 comparison) 3.53 (3.4) 3.01 (3.3) 2.81 (2.7) 3.3 (3.7) 2.7 (2.7) 2.2 (2) .076 .018 SD, standard deviation. Surgery unit Age, yr, mean (SD) Sex, n (%) Female Male Length of stay, days, mean (SD) Data collection time 52.6 (15.2) 55.3 (14.4) 52.3 (14.8) 86 (61.9) 53 (38.1) 6.9 (7.1) 76 (50.8) 65 (49.2) 8.0 (9.0) 93 (65.5) 49 (34.5) 6.6 (7.1) SD, standard deviation. Intervention unit in-services and bladder scanner training Journal club discussions and bladder scanner training were offered multiple times and days during July 2009. Ninety-five percent of the nurses and assistive staff on the intervention units attended these sessions. Primary patient outcomes Catheter duration At baseline, the mean catheter-days were 3.53 and 3.01 on the pulmonary and surgical units, respectively. The catheter-days increased slightly between phase 1 and phase 2 data periods on the surgical unit but decreased in all phases on the pulmonary unit (Table 3). The surgical unit demonstrated a significant decrease (P ¼ .018) between phase 1 and 3 data periods. In total, catheter-days decreased from 400 days in phase 1 to 305 days in phase 3. Incidence of CAUTI CAUTI rates were calculated for each unit using the following formula: number of urinary tract infections/number of catheterdays 1,000. At baseline, the CAUTI rates were 0.0 and 1.9 on the pulmonary and surgical units, respectively. The pulmonary unit continued to have 0.0 incidence of CAUTI in the postintervention data collection periods. The surgical unit rate increased in the second data collection period (3.4) and decreased (2.2) in the third period. LOS The mean LOS on the surgical unit was 6.91, 8.03, and 6.55 days for the 3 data collection phases, respectively. On the pulmonary unit, there was a progressive decrease in LOS from 7.39, 7.21, and 6.72 days, respectively. Bladder scanner usage There were 50 recorded uses on the bladder scanner log for a 2month period after the unit-specific intervent …