Question: A. Pragmatism             B. Cultural…

Question: A. Pragmatism             B. Cultural…

Question: A. Pragmatism             B. Cultural Relativism                  C. Immanuel

Kant D. Descartes                  E. Hedonism                                   F. Empiricism G.  John Locke             H. George Berkeley                        I.  David Hume J.  Rationalism              K. John Stuart Mill                        L. Emotivism  _______. This philosophy emphasizes epistemology and holds that truth can be discovered solely through reason and abstract reasoning without reference to sensory observations, experiments or experience.  ______. This philosopher is credited with the modern version of an ethical theory known as “utilitarianism.”  ______. This philosophy can be traced back to Protagoras and his beliefs that “might makes right” and “man is the measure of all things.” ______. This philosophy teaches that rational and objective observation of human behavior demonstrates that mankind’s behavior is largely explained by his active pursuit of pleasure, always a good end, and his predictable avoidance of pain, an undesirable end.  ______.  This empiricist philosopher believed that our minds are ” tabula rasas ” or blank slates .    ______.  This philosopher rejected the Correspondence Theory of Truth because verification of one’s impressions or perceptions is not possible in a world of constant change or flux.    ______.  This philosopher believed that reason was objective and offered humans the ability to understand that the world as it exists was different from the world as perceived.  ______.  This philosopher asserted the basic foundation for empiricism through the Correspondence (or “Copy”) Theory of Truth.    ______.  At the core of this philosophy is simply the proposition of “what works.”  ______.  Epicureanism is a type of this philosophy that rejects Aristippus’ approach to pleasure and asserts that rational persons can voluntarily assume painful activities but only if, in the end, a greater or more desirable pleasure results.  ______. This philosopher used reason in an ironic fashion to demonstrate that reason was merely “a slave to the passions” and the notion of the “self” was incomprehensible.   ______. This theory denies that reason has anything to do with ethics and asserts that there are no moral truths but merely moral sentiments that are derived from our passions, emotions and desires.  _______. The philosophy known as “immaterialism” is attributed to this Empiricist philosopher in the Modern Enlightenment who asked about the tree falling in the forest.  _______. According to this philosophy, happiness is equivalent to serenity or the “peace of mind” that comes to us as a by-product of doing the things that we like to do.  _______. This Enlightenment philosophy is characterized by epistemological dualism, and embraces the scientific method and inductive reasoning as the defining methods of truth.     Section II . Multiple Choice.   1. _______.   The study of knowledge and the process of learning is known as ____________ in philosophy?            (A)      Metaphysics                                      (C)      Ethics            (B)      Dualism                                             (D)      Epistemology     2. _______.    Which of the following DOES NOT describe the teachings of Protagoras? (A)         He believed that justice and human behavior were the same in every culture. (B)         He believed that all human beings were essentially shaped and defined by their culture and lived most happily when they embraced or conformed to it. (C)         He believed that nothing was inherently good or bad by nature  except  power. (D)         He rejected the idea of a universal truth and, instead, embraced the idea that there are many right ways because truth, as he saw it, was a matter of custom, preference and what worked for a given culture.     3. _______.   The three philosophies of the Enlightenment that sought to define knowledge and truth are ____________?            (A)      Pragmatism, Rationalism & Empiricism            (B)      Immaterialism, Rationalism & Utilitarianism            (C)      Rationalism, Empiricism & Cyrenaic Hedonism            (D)      None of the above.     4. _______.  Which of the following do relativism and utilitarianism have in common?            (A)   the principle of utility,  i.e ., doing what works.            (B)   the notion that pain is always bad and pleasure is always good.            (C)   the principle that all individuals have equal worth, value and dignity.            (D)   All of the above.     5. ______.     All of the following are true of utilitarianism except ______?            (A)      The right thing to do is to seek the greatest happiness of all involved while at the same time minimizing pain and suffering for the greatest number of persons affected by your action.            (B)      The ends justify the means.            (C)      Because man is viewed in his natural state as being subject to the demands of pain and pleasure, man is defined as a sensory or physical being concerned with the quality of his life.            (D)      The right thing to do is always defined by the Cardinal virtues.     6. _______.   Which of the following would Aristippus be MOST LIKELY to believe?            (A)      All pleasures are equal in quality and intensity.            (B)      Pleasures should not always be enjoyed because they can be outweighed by the pain or suffering they may cause.            (C)      Physical pleasures are the best and most intense and should always be pursued because they provide the greatest happiness and peace of mind.            (D)      One should always detach oneself from his/her emotions to be happy.   7. _______.   Which of the following philosophers believed that the best way to achieve happiness was to accept the cultural practices and norms as best and to conform your conduct to them?            (A)      Jeremy Bentham                              (C)      Epicurus            (B)      John Locke                                       (D)      Protagoras     8. _______.  This philosopher believes that perception is so integral to our nature and existence that the core of his philosophy asserts that “to exist is to be perceived.”            (A)      Descartes                                          (C)      Berkeley            (B)      Locke                                               (D)      Hume     9. _______.   In his ” Meditations ,” Descartes rejects knowledge based primarily on his senses for several reasons and embraces a coherence theory of truth that, in essence, describes what kind of reasoning?            (A)      Inductive Reasoning            (B)      Disjunctive Reasoning            (C)      Deductive Reasoning            (D)      Practical Reasoning     10. _______. Which of the following IS TRUE according to David Hume? (A)         Innate or ” a priori”  ideas form a solid basis for reasoning and knowledge. (B)         Knowledge of cause and effect is  a posteriori  knowledge and forms the foundation for Humean epistemological theory. (C)         True ethics and religion constitute knowledge rooted in ” a posteriori”  ideas. (D)         Reason is limited and the notion of “self” is neither rational nor comprehensible.     11. _______. Which of the following best describes the ” egocentric predicament ” of the British Empiricists?            (A)      knowledge of the intelligible world renders one arrogant but wise            (B)      the concept of self is unintelligible            (C)      knowledge of the external world beyond one’s own mental construction is not possible.            (D)      none of the above are true.   12. _______. Which of the following philosophers DID NOT believe that true knowledge consisted primarily of ” a posteriori ” ideas?            (A)      Locke                                    (C)      Descartes            (B)      Berkeley                                (D)      Hume   13. _______. Knowledge that is derived primarily from reason and not from sensory observation and experience is referred to as __________.            (A)       a priori                                    (C)       noumenal            (B)       a posteriori                             (D)       tabula rasa     14. ______.   Which of the following IS NOT something that Descartes believes can be known clearly, distinctly, beyond a reasonable doubt and solely by reason?            (A)      Relativism is false because when one says “I think, therefore, I exist,” he can know that it is true whenever anyone says or thinks it.             (B)      God exists and is not a deceiver.            (C)      The self is of a dual nature, composed of two separate and independent                        substances,  i.e ., mind and body, that are in mysterious union with one another. .(D)    One comes to know and understand the nature of wax and physical objects in general through sensory observation, evidence and experimentation.     15. ______.  Which of the following philosophers views the human being primarily as a rational being?            (A)      Descartes            (B)      Locke            (C)      Kant (D)     All of the above (E)      A and C only