Assignment: Being Audience-Centered
Assignment: Being Audience-Centered
Assignment: Being Audience-Centered
Assignment: Being Audience-Centered
What You’ve Learned Here are some examples of central ideas and main ideas. Identify the organizational pattern used in each group of main ideas. If the pattern is topical, do you think the speaker also considered primacy, recency, or complex- ity? If so, identify which one.
1. PURPOSE At the end of my speech, the STATEMENT: audience will be able to explain
three theories about what hap- pened to the dinosaurs.
CENTRAL IDEA: There are at least three dis- tinct theories about what happened to the dinosaurs.
MAIN IDEAS: I. A large asteroid hit Earth.
II. A gradual climate shift occurred.
III. The level of oxygen in the atmosphere gradually changed.
2. PURPOSE At the end of my speech, the STATEMENT: audience will be able to de-
scribe the layout and features of the new university multi- purpose sports center.
CENTRAL IDEA: The new university multipur- pose sports center will serve the activity needs of the students.
MAIN IDEAS: I. The south wing will house an Olympic-size pool.
II. The center of the building will be a large coliseum.
III. The north wing will in- clude handball and indoor tennis facilities as well as rooms for weight lifting and aerobic workouts.
Subdividing Your Main Ideas Main ideas are often subdivided. Organize your sub- points so that audience members can readily grasp, un- derstand, and remember them. The five patterns for organizing main ideas can apply to subpoints as well.
Being Audience-Centered ● You may add, regroup, or eliminate main ideas or
subpoints at any stage in the preparation process, as you consider the needs, interests, and expecta- tions of your audience.
Speaker’s Homepage: Internet Resources to Help You Organize Your Speech
● The Allyn & Bacon Public Speaking Website can give you additional suggestions for organizing your speech. You can also read transcripts and listen to recordings of speeches that apply the patterns discussed: http://wps.ablongman.com/ ab_public_speaking_2/0,9651,1593275-,00.html
STUDY GUIDE
178 CHAPTER 7 Developing Your Speech
Study Guide 179
● The Advanced Public Speaking Institute Website provides a wealth of information about speech preparation, including tips on developing and or- ganizing ideas: http://www.public-speaking.org/ public-speaking-articles.htm.
Integrating Your Supporting Material With points and subpoints organized, your next task is to integrate your supporting material into a speech. It may help to begin by putting all main points, sub- points, and supporting material on note cards and then arranging those cards in order. Once you have placed supporting material where it belongs in your plan, incorporate the supporting material smoothly into your speech by (1) stating the point, (2) citing the source, (3) presenting the supporting material, and (4) explaining how the supporting material substantiates or develops the point.
When you have more than one piece of supporting material for a main idea or subpoint, you can organize the supporting material according to one of the five common patterns, or according to such strategies as pri- macy, recency, specificity, complexity, or soft-to-hard.
Being Audience-Centered ● Your listeners may not remember many specific facts
and statistics after a speech, but they should remem- ber the important points. Connecting ideas and sup- porting material make it more likely that they will.
A Question of Ethics ● The principles of primacy and recency are referred
to several times in this chapter. If a speaker has a
statistic that offers overwhelming evidence of the severity of a given problem, is it ethical for the speaker to save that statistic for last, or should the speaker reveal immediately to the audience how severe the problem is? In other words, is there an ethical distinction between primacy and re- cency? Discuss your answer.
● In Chapter 2, we suggest that a speaker should provide the credentials of the authors of support- ing material used in a speech. If a speaker is unable to discover an author’s credentials, could the speaker omit the author’s name altogether? If no, why not? If so, under what circumstances?
Developing Signposts Various types of signposts can help you communicate your organization to your audience. Signposts include verbal and nonverbal transitions, previews, and summaries.
Being Audience-Centered ● Remember that listeners, unlike readers, cannot go
back to review a missed point. Previews and sum- maries help to ensure that audience members will first anticipate and later remember the important points of your speech.
Supplementing Signposts with Presentation Aids Supplementing your words and gestures with presenta- tion aids helps listeners notice your signposts.
You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.
Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.
Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.
- The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS
Discussion Questions (DQ)
- Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
- Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
- One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
- I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.
Weekly Participation
- Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
- In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
- Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
- Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.
APA Format and Writing Quality
- Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
- Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
- I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.
Use of Direct Quotes
- I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
- As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
- It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.
LopesWrite Policy
- For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
- Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
- Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
- Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.
Late Policy
- The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
- Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
- If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
- I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
- As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.
Communication
- Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:
- Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
- Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.
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