Arne Naess claims that to the extent that ecology movements…

Arne Naess claims that to the extent that ecology movements…

Arne Naess claims that to the extent that ecology movements deserve

attention, they are ecophilosophical rather than simply ecological, thus he characterizes his ecological view as an ecosophy. What point is he trying to establish with this claim?
a. While ecology is a limited science that employs scientific methods, only philosophy can provide a general forum for establishing wisdom and normative rules for social and political policies.

b. The science of ecology is not genuine science because it does not address moral principles.

c. Only philosophers can actually do genuinely scientific research because they have a deeper understanding of what constitutes wisdom, in and of itself.

d. The implementation of ecologically responsible policies requires new directions of thought and understanding that is best achieved through philosophical inquiry.

e. Both (a) and (d) above.

11. Who or what, according to Karen Warren, is responsible for sanctioning (in the sense of approving) the logic of domination exemplified in the following argument? (1) Women are identified with nature and the body while men are identified with human culture and the mind. (2) Whatever is identified with nature and the body [the physical] is inferior to whatever is identified with human culture and the mind [the mental]. (3) Therefore, women are inferior to men and men are superior to women. (4) Any being that is superior to some other being is justified in subordinating that being. (5) Therefore, men are justified in subordinating women.
a. Darwinian evolution and the law of the survival of the fittest

b. Ecofeminist ethics

c. gender identity

d. the patriarchal conceptual framework of Western culture e. the theory that God (or the gods) were once conceived as female

12. The main theme of Karen Warren’s ecofeminist philosophy is that unless any environmental ethic, no matter how holistic, includes a serious account of ______________, it will end up ultimately perpetuating rather than overcoming the sources of these twin oppressions.

a. the interconnected dominations of women and nature
b. racism as well as sexism
c. the power of both religion and governmental authority
d. both heterosexual and homosexual biases
e. male aggression and female weakness