What is the literal meaning of “philosophy”?   2. Name 3 areas…

What is the literal meaning of “philosophy”?   2. Name 3 areas…

 What is the literal meaning of “philosophy”? 2. Name 3 areas of philosophy: __________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

 

3. What does “epistemology” seek to define?

 

a.       What understanding is.

b.      What knowledge is.

c.       What intuition is.

d.      What reality is.

 

4. What is metaphysics?

 

B. History

 

5. What is the Socratic Method?

 

 

6. What was Socrates put on trial for? (2 main things)

 

7. How did Socrates die?

 

8. Aristotle was primarily a(n):

 

a.       architect

b.      mathematician

c.       scientist

 

9. List in chronological order: Aristotle, Socrates, Plato

 

_____________________________________________________________________________

 

10. The Saint who helped formulate the concept of “original sin” was:

 

a.       Anselm

b.      Augustine

c.       Aquinas

 

11. Thomas Aquinas was famous for an approach to religion called: ________________    ___________________.

 

12. Match:

 

Ibn Sina (Avicenna)                                                      helped influence Renaissance thinkers

Ibn Rushd (Averroes)                                                  was a world-renowned physician

 

13. Who were the 2 British political theorists who were instrumental in developing the Social Contract Theory?

 

14. Who were the 2 British empiricists who were instrumental in developing the Scientific Method?

 

a.       Descartes and Hume

b.      Bacon and Boyle

c.       Nietzsche and Marx

 

Match:

 

15. Along with Newton, independently invented the calculus.         Spinoza

 

16. Jewish rationalist who believed God and Nature were the same thing. Leibniz

 

17. Fiery German thinker who wrote on “the will to power”. Friedrich Nietzsche

18. Philosophical giant who developed the categorical imperative. Confucius

19. Ancient Chinese philosopher. Karl Marx

20. Author of “The Communist Manifesto”. Machiavelli

 

21. Renaissance writer of “The Prince”. Alan Turing

22. Helped develop artificial intelligence. Immanuel Kant

 

C. Philosophical Reading

 

23. What does “ad hominem” mean?

 

24. What does it mean to make a Strawman argument?

 

D. Descartes

 

25. Descartes was a ________________ (nationality) _________________ (main profession other than philosophy) from the _____________   _________________ period (era), often thought of as the “Father of Modern Philosophy”.

 

26. Descartes’ philosophical school of thought is:

 

a. Rationalism

b. Empiricism

c. Fundamentalism

 

27. What is the Latin for “I think, therefore I am.”?

 

E. The Meditations

 

i. Meditation I

 

28. Why did Descartes decide to “demolish” all of his opinions or beliefs?

 

29. Describe Descartes’s “system of skeptical doubt” (2 things):

 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

30. Sort the following doubts into the proper category of thought, taken from the categories given by Descartes:

 

a. Sense Perception

b. Physical Reality

c. Rational Truth

 

_____ “I might not have a body.”

_____ “That water on the road ahead may be a mirage.”

_____ “2 + 2 may not equal 4.”

 

31. What is the “Evil Demon” that Descartes talks about? What role does it play in Descartes’s system of doubt?

 

 

ii. Meditation II

 

32. What is the first thing that Descartes establishes is an absolute, indubitable truth?

 

33. What is “dualism”?

 

34. how a wax candle changes in its physical properties (label at least 3 properties that change):

 

Cool Candle

Heated Candle

 

35. Why does Descartes believe that he cannot doubt his own existence?

 

iii. Meditation III

 

36. The rule Descartes formulates to find truth is that something must be: “______________ and ________________”.

 

37. Give an example of an idea Descartes believes might come from “outside” of himself, that is involuntary:

 

38. Explain the 2 ways Descartes believes that we know of the Sun?

 

 

iv. Meditation IV

 

39. Descartes believes that the only cause of error is the “simultaneous concurrence” of:

 

a. knowledge and wisdom

b. will and wisdom

c. knowledge and will

 

v. Meditation V

 

40. What kind of truths does Descartes believe must exist objectively (outside of himself), that he did not “fabricate”?

 

vi. Meditation VI

 

41. What is Descartes’s ARGUMENT that the mind and the body are two distinct things?

 

F. Anselm

 

42. Anselm was a philosopher from the _______________ Era.

 

43. What is “scholasticism”?

 

44. Write out the summarized version of the “Ontological Argument”:

 

1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

G. Persuasive Argumentation

 

45. An argument consists of: ________________ + ___________________.

 

H. Plato

 

46. What was the name of the school founded by Plato in Athens?

 

I. Republic

 

47. What type of philosophical work are “Apology”, “Crito”, “Euthyphro”, “Meno”, and “Phaedo”?

 

a. dialogue

b. meditation

c. debate

d. dissertation

 

48. Match the character in the dialogue to the description:

 

Crito Narrator, main protagonist in the dialogues

Socrates Tries to convince Socrates to escape his punishment

Euthyphro Questions Socrates about virtue and knowledge

Phaedo Tries to define what “piety” is

Meno Was with Socrates when he died

 

i. Meno

 

49. Socrates has a theory that knowledge is:

a. resolution

b. recollection

c. revelation

 

50. What animal does Meno compare Socrates to?

 

ii. Euthyphro

 

51. Why was Euthyphro at the courthouse the day Socrates met him?

 

What are 2 different definitions of “piety” that Euthyphro gives to Socrates?

 

52. Definition #1:

 

53. Definition #2:

 

iii. Apology

 

54. What is the riddle of the Oracle at Delphi?

 

55. What is the sentence handed to Socrates at the trial?

 

iv. Crito

 

Give 3 reasons Crito provides to persuade Socrates to avoid his punishment.

 

56. Reason #1:

 

57. Reason #2:

 

58. Reason #3:

 

v. Phaedo

 

59. Socrates was extremely worried at the time of his death: T or F

 

60. Why might a philosopher long for death?